Taylor of Harrogate., (2016).Taylors of Harrogate Bee Hotel - The Grand Tour. Available at : https://bees.taylorstea.co.uk/
Anonymous., (2011). Save the Bees. Available at : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k9tsDKCitto
Taylor of Harrogate., (2016).Taylors of Harrogate Bee Hotel - The Grand Tour. Available at : https://bees.taylorstea.co.uk/ Anonymous., (2011). Save the Bees. Available at : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k9tsDKCitto
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Anonymous., (2012). Floating Islands come to Heather Farm. Available at : https://www.youtube.com /watch?v=awJc9OqXQs8#action=share Hartigan P., (2010).Meditation on '20:50' by Richard Wilson. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-1odSc9zNi0 Anonymous., (2016). Serpentine Gallery Pavillion 2011 by Peter Zumthor. Available at : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pGEsH79aNiQ ''It turns out that honeybees can be quite the little caffeine addicts. And just as your local coffee shop takes advantage of your addiction to keep you coming back, flowers with caffeine-laced nectar keep bees buzzing for more. According to a study published Thursday in Current Biology, this love of caffeine might lead bees to make some poor decisions for their colony. [Bees naturally vaccinate their babies, scientists find] "If a bee goes to a caffeinated plant, it's still getting nectar -- it's getting a reward, so it's not a complete and total disaster," lead study author Margaret Couvillon of the University of Sussex told The Post. But it makes them forage less optimally, she explained. The study was inspired by earlier research, which found that bees exposed to caffeine could learn new flowers more quickly and remember them for longer periods of time. In theory, that would make bees into more efficient pollinators. But Couvillon and her colleagues wanted to test the behavior in the field. [These ‘zombie’ bees make the flight of the living dead] Bees exposed to caffeinated nectar did indeed forage more often. But while they checked their caffeinated flowers almost obsessively -- and did four times the usual number of dances to alert the rest of the colony to the flower's presence -- they ignored equally nutritious, decaf flowers. "One thing that really surprised me was how long the effect lasted," Couvillon said. "We saw that if they just had one, three-hour exposure to the caffeinated nectar on the first day, they would come back [to the empty feeder] for many more days, and more often within each day." The control bees -- the ones who hadn't had caffeine -- would check the flower they'd fed at previously, but would quickly move on to forage for food elsewhere. "If they've had caffeine, they're less likely to check the surrounding area," Couvillon said. "They're really hooked on that location." [Norway is creating a ‘bee highway’ to protect pollinators] Caffeine can be found in the nectar of coffee and citrus plants, among others. This drugging effect helps explain why caffeine -- which plants put in their roots and leaves to turn off herbivores with the bitter taste -- also shows up in nectar, which is meant to be sweet and appetizing. Researchers had previously investigated nicotine in nectar for the same reason, but found that these plants actually used nectar bitterness to their advantage: Bees, repulsed by the bitter taste of the nicotine, would move more quickly from flower to flower.'' (Feltman R., 2015) Feltman R. (2015), Bees love Caffeine too, - but Flowers take advantage. Available at : https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2015/10/15/bees-love-caffeine-too-and-tricky-flowers-take-advantage/ Anonymous. (2015),Bees Love Caffeine, Maybe a Little Too Much - Newsy. Available at : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lo-bbjfA1F0 Anonymous., (2015). Honey Factory, MilanoFrancesco Faccin. Available at : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wQWziEim2tU Anonymous., (2015). Alex Downs Extraction of Oil from Waste Coffee Grounds - Biodiesel. Available at : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DQAbAaC50ok A biomass-fired power plant produces electricity and heat by burning biomass in a boiler. The most common types of boilers are hot water boilers and steam boilers. Wood chips, residues and other types of biomass are used in the boilers, in the same way as coal, natural gas and oil. Co-firing Biomass Co-firing biomass with coal (replacing a portion of coal with biomass) is an effective method of using biomass for energy purposes and to reduce CO2 emissions. Coal plants can be made suitable to replace part of the coal by biomass or even to convert fully to biomass – turning a coal plant into a 100% renewable energy plant. Biomass For Electricity Generation Forest products – Woody biomass from multi-functional forests constitutes the majority of today's biomass. Pellets and briquettes are manufactured by compressing by-products from the forestry industry, such as sawdust, bark or small diameter roundwood. They are easy to transport, and therefore suitable for export. Waste, by-products and residues – Residues include manure, sewage, sludge and other degradable waste. Liquid biomass waste, such as manure, household waste and sewage plant residues, can be digested to biogas. Energy crops - Energy crops are not used on a large scale for electricty or heat production today. As demand for sustainable biomass increases over time such energy crops may play a more important role in the future. Examples include woody short rotation forestry/crops such as eucalyptus, poplar and willow. But also herbaceous (grassy) energy crops such as miscanthus can be used. Especially with the use of energy crops it is important to ensure these plantations are established and managed in a sustainable manner. Carbon Neutrality Carbon dioxide is emitted into the atmosphere when biomass is burned, in the same way as when fossil fuels are burned. But when biomass grows it binds carbon dioxide through photosynthesis. The carbon dioxide released through biomass combustion is captured by growing biomass. Properly managed biomass is therefore carbon neutral over time. There is currently a debate on the time period within which biomass is truly carbon neutral. Vattenfall is of the opinion that biomass can and must make a meaningful contribution to the goal of limiting global warming to a maximum of two degrees. As such Vattenfall actively contributes to the debate on the carbon neutrality of different biomass types and is also directly involved in the definition of criteria that ensure timely carbon neutrality; for example in the Netherlands where sustainability criteria for biomass are defined that include criteria that ensure such timely carbon neutrality. Biomass - A short CO2 Cyclus CO2-emissions biomass pellets over the entire chain Biomass become Electricity and Heat ''Fuel is stored in a bunker for a further transport to the boiler. In the boiler, water is heated to high temperature under pressure. Steam from the boiler powers the turbine, which is connected to the generator. Steam that has passed through the turbine heats district heating water, which is distributed through the district heating network's piping.'' (Vattenfall, 2015) Vattenfall, (2015). Biomass Plant - How It Works. Available at : https://corporate.vattenfall.com/about-energy/renewable-energy-sources/biomass/how-it-works/ ''For domestic heating purposes the main biomass fuel is wood in the form of logs, pellets or wood chips – although there are boilers available that burn a range of cereals. The full range of biomass fuels also include animal, food and industrial waste and high energy crops such as miscanthus, willow, rape and maize.'' (National Energy Foundation)
National Energy Foundation. Available at : http://www.yougen.co.uk/renewable-energy/Biomass+Boilers/ |